Drug Transporter (DT) Information

General Information of DT
DT ID DTD0021
Gene Name SLC15A1
Protein Name Peptide transporter 1
Gene ID
6564
UniProt ID
P46059
TCDB ID
2.A.17.4.9
3D Structure

Modelled DT Structure

Method:homology modeling

Template PDB:6EI3_A; 5A9D_A; 2XUT_A

Identity:54.386%;67.021%;29.858%

Minimized Score:-1281.941 kcal/mol

Detail: Structure Info

Synonyms HPECT1; HPEPT1; Intestinal H(+)/peptide cotransporter; Oligopeptide transporter, small intestine isoform; PEPT1; SLC15A1; Solute carrier family 15 member 1
DT Family Proton-Dependent Oligopeptide Transporter (POT/PTR) Family ;
Function This tranporter mediates intake of oligopeptides of 2 to 4 amino acids with a preference for dipeptides and may constitute a major route for the absorption of protein digestion end-products.
Disease(s) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [ICD-11:6A05]
Cytomegalovirus infections [ICD-11:1D82]
High blood pressure [ICD-11:BA00]
Influenza virus [ICD-11:1E30-1E32]
Peripheral T-cell lymphoma [ICD-11:2A90.C]
Chronic bronchitis [ICD-11:CA20.1]
Streptococcal pharyngitis [ICD-11:1B51]
Shingles [ICD-11:1.00E+91]
Streptococcus pneumoniae infections [ICD-11:CA40.0Y]
Endogenous Substrate(s) H+
Variability Data of This Drug Transporter (DT)

Regulatory Variability Data of This DT (VARIDT 4.0)

(α) Tissue Distribution Level of Peptide transporter 1
Tissue Distribution Level (TD)

(β) Cell Distribution Level of Peptide transporter 1
Cell Distribution Level (CD)

(γ) Organelle Distribution Level of Peptide transporter 1
Organelle Distribution Level (Subc)

Regulatory Variability Data of This DT

(α) Microbiota Influence of Peptide transporter 1
Microbiota Influence (MBI)

(β) Post-translational Modification of Peptide transporter 1
Post-translational Modification (PTM)

(γ) Transcriptional Regulation of Peptide transporter 1
Transcriptional Regulation (TSR)

(δ) Epigenetic Regulation of Peptide transporter 1
Epigenetic Regulation (EGR)

(ε) Exogenous Modulation of Peptide transporter 1
Exogenous Modulation (EGM)

Structural Variability Data of This DT

(β) Inter-species Structural Differences
Inter-species Structural Differences (ISD)

(γ) Outward/inward-facing Conformation
Outward/inward-facing Conformation (OIC)

(δ) Xenobiotics-regulated Structural Variability
Xenobiotics-regulated Structural Variability (XSV)

General Variability Data of This DT

(α) Genetic Polymorphisms of Peptide transporter 1
Genetic Polymorphisms of This DT (GPD)

(β) Disease-specific Protein Abundances of Peptide transporter 1
Disease-specific Protein Abundances of This DT (DPAD)

(γ) Species- and Tissue-specific DT Abundances
Species/Tissue-specific Protein Abundances of This DT (S/TPAD)
Molecular Transporting Profile of This DT

Full List of Drug(s) Transported by This DT

 Approved Drug

 Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Drug:         52 Drugs in Total
Drug Name Highest Status Detail Indication ICD 11 Ref
Aminolevulinic acid
 Approved Drug Info Photodynamic therapy EK90.0 [1]
Amoxicillin
 Approved Drug Info Streptococcal pharyngitis 1B51 [2]
Ampicillin
 Approved Drug Info Bacterial infections 1A00-1H0Z [3]
Benazepril
 Approved Drug Info High blood pressure BA00 [4]
Bestatin
 Approved Drug Info Acute myeloid leukemia 2A60 [5]
Captopril
 Approved Drug Info High blood pressure BA00 [6]
Cefaclor
 Approved Drug Info Gram-positive & negative bacteria infections 1A00-1H0Z [7]
Cefadroxil
 Approved Drug Info Gram-positive & negative bacteria infections 1A00-1H0Z [8]
Cefamandole
 Approved Drug Info Infections by susceptible microorganisms 1H0Z [9]
Cefazolin
 Approved Drug Info Methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus 1B74.0 [10]
Cefdinir
 Approved Drug Info Bacterial infections 1A00-1H0Z [11]
Cefixime
 Approved Drug Info Streptococcus bacterial infections 1C41 [12]
Cefmetazole
 Approved Drug Info Urinary tract and skin bacteria infections GC08 [9]
Cefoxitin
 Approved Drug Info Bacterial infections 1A00-1H0Z [10]
Cefpodoxime
 Approved Drug Info Bacterial infections 1A00-1H0Z [10]
Cefsulodin
 Approved Drug Info Pseudomonas infection CA40.05, KB24 [9]
Ceftibuten
 Approved Drug Info Chronic bronchitis CA20.1 [13]
Ceftriaxone
 Approved Drug Info Pneumonia CA40 [9]
Cefuroxime axetil
 Approved Drug Info Bacterial infections 1A00-1H0Z [9]
Cephalexin
 Approved Drug Info Gram-positive bacteria infections 1A00-1H0Z [14]
Cephaloglycin
 Approved Drug Info Bacterial infections 1A00-1H0Z [15]
Cephradine
 Approved Drug Info Streptococcus pneumoniae infections CA40.0Y [16]
Cyclacillin
 Approved Drug Info Bacterial infections 1A00-1H0Z [17]
Dexamethasone
 Approved Drug Info Rheumatoid arthritis FA20 [18]
Dicloxacillin
 Approved Drug Info Susceptible gram-positive bacteria infections 1A00-1H0Z [17]
Enalapril
 Approved Drug Info High blood pressure BA00 [19]
Enalaprilat
 Approved Drug Info High blood pressure BA00 [20]
Eprosartan
 Approved Drug Info High blood pressure BA00 [8]
Flucloxacillin
 Approved Drug Info Bacterial infections 1A00-1H0Z [10]
Fosinopril
 Approved Drug Info High blood pressure BA00 [4]
Furosemide
 Approved Drug Info Edema associated with congestive heart failure BD10 [18]
Irbesartan
 Approved Drug Info High blood pressure BA00 [8]
Lisdexamfetamine
 Approved Drug Info Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 6A05 [21]
Lisinopril
 Approved Drug Info High blood pressure BA00 [18]
Losartan
 Approved Drug Info High blood pressure BA00 [8]
Metoprolol
 Approved Drug Info High blood pressure BA00 [18]
Midodrine
 Approved Drug Info Prostate hyperplasia GA90 [17]
Moexipril
 Approved Drug Info High blood pressure BA00 [4]
Oseltamivir
 Approved Drug Info Influenza virus 1E30-1E32 [22]
Perindopril
 Approved Drug Info High blood pressure BA00 [4]
Piperacillin
 Approved Drug Info Bacterial infections 1A00-1H0Z [10]
Ramipril
 Approved Drug Info High blood pressure BA00 [4]
Ribavirin
 Approved Drug Info Hepatitis C virus infection 1E50.2, 1E51.1 [23]
Spirapril
 Approved Drug Info High blood pressure BA00 [4]
Sulfasalazine
 Approved Drug Info Rheumatoid arthritis FA20 [18]
Sulpiride
 Approved Drug Info Schizophrenia 6A20 [24]
Temocapril
 Approved Drug Info High blood pressure BA00 [25]
Temocaprilate
 Approved Drug Info High blood pressure BA00 [20]
Trandolapril
 Approved Drug Info High blood pressure BA00 [4]
Valacyclovir
 Approved Drug Info Shingles 1.00E+91 [26]
Valganciclovir
 Approved Drug Info Cytomegalovirus infections 1D82 [27]
Valsartan
 Approved Drug Info High blood pressure BA00 [8]

 Clinical Trial Drug

 Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Drug:           3 Drugs in Total
Drug Name Highest Status Detail Indication ICD 11 Ref
Benzylpenicillin
 Phase 4 Drug Info Gram-positive bacteria infections 1A00-1H0Z [28]
N-acetylaspartylglutamate
 Phase 4 Drug Info Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis 9A60.5 [29]
Carnosine
 Phase 2/3 Drug Info Schizophrenia 6A20 [30]

 Withdrawn, Discontinued or Preclinical Drug

 Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Drug:           4 Drugs in Total
Drug Name Highest Status Detail Indication ICD 11 Ref
Cephaloridine
 Withdrawn Drug Info Urinary tract infections GC08 [9]
Ceronapril
 Discontinued in Phase 2 Drug Info Major depressive disorder 6A70.3 [15]
Metampicillin
 Preclinical Drug Info Bacterial infections 1A00-1H0Z [17]
QSP
 Preclinical Drug Info Acetabular fracture NB52.13 [31]

Drug-DT Affinity Assessed by Cell Line

 Approved Drug

 Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Drug:         75 Drugs in Total
Drug Name Highest Status Detail Cell Line Affinity Ref
Aminolevulinic acid Approved Drug Info Oocytes-PEPT1 Km =394 microM [32]
Aminolevulinic acid Approved Drug Info Oocytes-PEPT1 Km =1600 microM [1]
Aminolevulinic acid Approved Drug Info Oocytes-PEPT1 Km =394 microM [32]
Aminolevulinic acid Approved Drug Info Oocytes-PEPT1 Km =1600 microM [1]
Aminolevulinic acid Approved Drug Info Oocytes-PEPT1 Km =394 microM [32]
Aminolevulinic acid Approved Drug Info Oocytes-PEPT1 Km =1600 microM [1]
Bestatin Approved Drug Info Human enterocyte-like 2 cells (Caco-2)-PEPT1 Km =340 microM [5]
Bestatin Approved Drug Info Human enterocyte-like 2 cells (Caco-2)-PEPT1 Km =340 microM [5]
Cefadroxil Approved Drug Info Human cervical cancer cell line (Hela)-PEPT1 Km =7.97 microM [8]
Cefadroxil Approved Drug Info Human cervical cancer cell line (Hela)-PEPT1 Km =7.97 microM [8]
Cefadroxil Approved Drug Info Human cervical cancer cell line (Hela)-PEPT1 Km =7.97 microM [8]
Cefadroxil Approved Drug Info Human cervical cancer cell line (Hela)-PEPT1 Km =7.97 microM [8]
Cefadroxil Approved Drug Info Human cervical cancer cell line (Hela)-PEPT1 Km =7.97 microM [8]
Cefadroxil Approved Drug Info Human cervical cancer cell line (Hela)-PEPT1 Km =7.97 microM [8]
Cephalexin Approved Drug Info Human enterocyte-like 2 cells (Caco-2)-PEPT1 Km =7.97 microM [33]
Cephalexin Approved Drug Info Human enterocyte-like 2 cells (Caco-2)-PEPT1 Km =7.97 microM [33]
Cephalexin Approved Drug Info Human enterocyte-like 2 cells (Caco-2)-PEPT1 Km =7.97 microM [33]
Oseltamivir Approved Drug Info Human cervical cancer cell line (Hela)-PEPT1 Km =8590 microM [22]
Oseltamivir Approved Drug Info Human enterocyte-like 2 cells (Caco-2)-PEPT1 Km =6540 microM [22]
Oseltamivir Approved Drug Info Human cervical cancer cell line (Hela)-PEPT1 Km =8590 microM [22]
Oseltamivir Approved Drug Info Human enterocyte-like 2 cells (Caco-2)-PEPT1 Km =6540 microM [22]
Oseltamivir Approved Drug Info Human cervical cancer cell line (Hela)-PEPT1 Km =8590 microM [22]
Oseltamivir Approved Drug Info Human enterocyte-like 2 cells (Caco-2)-PEPT1 Km =6540 microM [22]
Oseltamivir Approved Drug Info Human cervical cancer cell line (Hela)-PEPT1 Km =8590 microM [22]
Oseltamivir Approved Drug Info Human enterocyte-like 2 cells (Caco-2)-PEPT1 Km =6540 microM [22]
Oseltamivir Approved Drug Info Human cervical cancer cell line (Hela)-PEPT1 Km =8590 microM [22]
Oseltamivir Approved Drug Info Human enterocyte-like 2 cells (Caco-2)-PEPT1 Km =6540 microM [22]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-PEPT1 Km =1640 microM [34]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-PEPT1 Km =2200 microM [35]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-PEPT1 Km =2700 microM [35]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-PEPT1 Km =5400 microM [35]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-PEPT1 Km =6600 microM [35]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-PEPT1 Km =7400 microM [35]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-PEPT1 Km =2.2 microM [36]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-PEPT1 Km =7.4 microM [36]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Human enterocyte-like 2 cells (Caco-2)-PEPT1 Km =292 microM [37]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells-PEPT1 Km =3.8 microM [36]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Oocytes-PEPT1 Km =5940 microM [38]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Xenopus oocytes-PEPT1 Km =5.9 microM [36]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-PEPT1 Km =1640 microM [34]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-PEPT1 Km =2200 microM [35]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-PEPT1 Km =2700 microM [35]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-PEPT1 Km =5400 microM [35]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-PEPT1 Km =6600 microM [35]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-PEPT1 Km =7400 microM [35]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-PEPT1 Km =2.2 microM [36]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-PEPT1 Km =7.4 microM [36]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Human enterocyte-like 2 cells (Caco-2)-PEPT1 Km =292 microM [37]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells-PEPT1 Km =3.8 microM [36]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Oocytes-PEPT1 Km =5940 microM [38]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Xenopus oocytes-PEPT1 Km =5.9 microM [36]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-PEPT1 Km =1640 microM [34]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-PEPT1 Km =2200 microM [35]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-PEPT1 Km =2700 microM [35]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-PEPT1 Km =5400 microM [35]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-PEPT1 Km =6600 microM [35]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-PEPT1 Km =7400 microM [35]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-PEPT1 Km =2.2 microM [36]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-PEPT1 Km =7.4 microM [36]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Human enterocyte-like 2 cells (Caco-2)-PEPT1 Km =292 microM [37]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells-PEPT1 Km =3.8 microM [36]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Oocytes-PEPT1 Km =5940 microM [38]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Xenopus oocytes-PEPT1 Km =5.9 microM [36]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-PEPT1 Km =1640 microM [34]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-PEPT1 Km =2200 microM [35]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-PEPT1 Km =2700 microM [35]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-PEPT1 Km =5400 microM [35]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-PEPT1 Km =6600 microM [35]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-PEPT1 Km =7400 microM [35]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-PEPT1 Km =2.2 microM [36]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells-PEPT1 Km =7.4 microM [36]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Human enterocyte-like 2 cells (Caco-2)-PEPT1 Km =292 microM [37]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells-PEPT1 Km =3.8 microM [36]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Oocytes-PEPT1 Km =5940 microM [38]
Valacyclovir Approved Drug Info Xenopus oocytes-PEPT1 Km =5.9 microM [36]
References
1 Transport of the photodynamic therapy agent 5-aminolevulinic acid by distinct H+-coupled nutrient carriers coexpressed in the small intestine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2010 Jan;332(1):220-8.
2 Interactions of amoxicillin and cefaclor with human renal organic anion and peptide transporters. Drug Metab Dispos. 2006 Apr;34(4):547-55.
3 Several hPepT1-transported drugs are substrates of the Escherichia coli proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter YdgR. Res Microbiol. 2017 Jun;168(5):443-449.
4 Transport of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors by H+/peptide transporters revisited. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008 Nov;327(2):432-41.
5 Dipeptide transporters in apical and basolateral membranes of the human intestinal cell line Caco-2. Am J Physiol. 1993 Aug;265(2 Pt 1):G289-94.
6 Membrane transporters in drug development. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2010 Mar;9(3):215-36.
7 Protein hydrolysate-induced cholecystokinin secretion from enteroendocrine cells is indirectly mediated by the intestinal oligopeptide transporter PepT1. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2011 May;300(5):G895-902.
8 High-affinity interaction of sartans with H+/peptide transporters. Drug Metab Dispos. 2009 Jan;37(1):143-9.
9 Intestinal transport of beta-lactam antibiotics: analysis of the affinity at the H+/peptide symporter (PEPT1), the uptake into Caco-2 cell monolayers and the transepithelial flux. Pharm Res. 1999 Jan;16(1):55-61.
10 Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship analyses of beta-lactam antibiotics and tripeptides as substrates of the mammalian H+/peptide cotransporter PEPT1. J Med Chem. 2005 Jun 30;48(13):4410-9.
11 Transporter-mediated drug delivery: recent progress and experimental approaches. Drug Discov Today. 2004 Aug 15;9(16):712-20.
12 Flavonoids with epidermal growth factor-receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitory activity stimulate PEPT1-mediated cefixime uptake into human intestinal epithelial cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001 Oct;299(1):351-7.
13 Increased protein level of PEPT1 intestinal H+-peptide cotransporter upregulates absorption of glycylsarcosine and ceftibuten in 5/6 nephrectomized rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2005 Apr;288(4):G664-70.
14 Direct evidence for efficient transport and minimal metabolism of L-cephalexin by oligopeptide transporter 1 in budded baculovirus fraction. Biol Pharm Bull. 2009 Aug;32(8):1459-61.
15 Pharmaceutical and pharmacological importance of peptide transporters. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2008 May;60(5):543-85.
16 Recognition of beta-lactam antibiotics by rat peptide transporters, PEPT1 and PEPT2, in LLC-PK1 cells. Am J Physiol. 1997 Nov;273(5 Pt 2):F706-11.
17 Transport characteristics of a novel peptide transporter 1 substrate, antihypotensive drug midodrine, and its amino acid derivatives. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006 Jul;318(1):455-60.
18 Peptide transporter substrate identification during permeability screening in drug discovery: comparison of transfected MDCK-hPepT1 cells to Caco-2 cells. Arch Pharm Res. 2007 Apr;30(4):507-18.
19 The intestinal H+/peptide symporter PEPT1: structure-affinity relationships. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2004 Jan;21(1):53-60.
20 Transporter-mediated Drug Interactions. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2002;17(4):253-74.
21 Absorption of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate and its enzymatic conversion to d-amphetamine. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2010 Jun 24;6:317-27.
22 Oseltamivir (tamiflu) is a substrate of peptide transporter 1. Drug Metab Dispos. 2009 Aug;37(8):1676-81.
23 Transport of levovirin prodrugs in the human intestinal Caco-2 cell line. J Pharm Sci. 2006 Jun;95(6):1318-25.
24 Studies on intestinal absorption of sulpiride (2): transepithelial transport of sulpiride across the human intestinal cell line Caco-2. Biol Pharm Bull. 2002 Oct;25(10):1345-50.
25 The role of transporters in drug interactions. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2006 Apr;27(5):501-17.
26 Valacyclovir: a substrate for the intestinal and renal peptide transporters PEPT1 and PEPT2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998 May 19;246(2):470-5.
27 Transport of valganciclovir, a ganciclovir prodrug, via peptide transporters PEPT1 and PEPT2. J Pharm Sci. 2000 Jun;89(6):781-9.
28 Drug transport in corneal epithelium and blood-retina barrier: emerging role of transporters in ocular pharmacokinetics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2006 Nov 15;58(11):1136-63.
29 Molecular interactions between dipeptides, drugs and the human intestinal H+ -oligopeptide cotransporter hPEPT1. J Physiol. 2006 Jul 1;574(Pt 1):149-66.
30 Transforming dietary peptides in promising lead compounds: the case of bioavailable carnosine analogs. Amino Acids. 2012 Jul;43(1):111-26.
31 Tripeptides of RS1 (RSC1A1) inhibit a monosaccharide-dependent exocytotic pathway of Na+-D-glucose cotransporter SGLT1 with high affinity. J Biol Chem. 2007 Sep 28;282(39):28501-13.
32 Delta-aminolevulinic acid transport by intestinal and renal peptide transporters and its physiological and clinical implications. J Clin Invest. 1998 Jun 15;101(12):2761-7.
33 Effects of progesterone and norethisterone on cephalexin uptake in the human intestinal cell line Caco-2. Biol Pharm Bull. 2004 Apr;27(4):559-63.
34 Interactions of a nonpeptidic drug, valacyclovir, with the human intestinal peptide transporter (hPEPT1) expressed in a mammalian cell line. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Apr;289(1):448-54.
35 Effect of ionization on the variable uptake of valacyclovir via the human intestinal peptide transporter (hPepT1) in CHO cells. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2000 Jul;21(5):165-74.
36 Significance of peptide transporter 1 in the intestinal permeability of valacyclovir in wild-type and PepT1 knockout mice. Drug Metab Dispos. 2013 Mar;41(3):608-14.
37 5'-Amino acid esters of antiviral nucleosides, acyclovir, and AZT are absorbed by the intestinal PEPT1 peptide transporter. Pharm Res. 1998 Aug;15(8):1154-9.
38 Direct evidence for peptide transporter (PepT1)-mediated uptake of a nonpeptide prodrug, valacyclovir. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998 Sep 18;250(2):246-51.

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